Win8 Strawberry 5.30.3.1 (64) Wed 09/21/2022 1:32:21 C:\@Work\Perl\monks >perl use 5.018; # lexical subroutines use strict; use warnings; Outer(1); # Inner(2); # Undefined subroutine &main::Inner ... sub Outer { my ($param) = @_; my sub Inner { my ($innerVar) = @_; print "In inner: $innerVar\n"; } Inner($param); } ^Z In inner: 1 #### Win8 Strawberry 5.30.3.1 (64) Wed 09/21/2022 1:46:46 C:\@Work\Perl\monks >perl use 5.018; # lexical subs use strict; use warnings; Outer(1); # Inner(); # still not there Outer(1); sub Outer { my ($param) = @_; my sub Inner { print "In inner: $param\n"; ++$param; } Inner(); } ^Z In inner: 1 In inner: 1