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perlsecCurrent Perl documentation can be found at perldoc.perl.org. Here is our local, out-dated (pre-5.6) version:
NAMEperlsec - Perl security
DESCRIPTIONPerl is designed to make it easy to program securely even when running with extra privileges, like setuid or setgid programs. Unlike most command line shells, which are based on multiple substitution passes on each line of the script, Perl uses a more conventional evaluation scheme with fewer hidden snags. Additionally, because the language has more builtin functionality, it can rely less upon external (and possibly untrustworthy) programs to accomplish its purposes. Perl automatically enables a set of special security checks, called taint mode, when it detects its program running with differing real and effective user or group IDs. The setuid bit in Unix permissions is mode 04000, the setgid bit mode 02000; either or both may be set. You can also enable taint mode explicitly by using the -T command line flag. This flag is strongly suggested for server programs and any program run on behalf of someone else, such as a CGI script. Once taint mode is on, it's on for the remainder of your script. While in this mode, Perl takes special precautions called taint checks to prevent both obvious and subtle traps. Some of these checks are reasonably simple, such as verifying that path directories aren't writable by others; careful programmers have always used checks like these. Other checks, however, are best supported by the language itself, and it is these checks especially that contribute to making a set-id Perl program more secure than the corresponding C program. You may not use data derived from outside your program to affect something else outside your program--at least, not by accident. All command line arguments, environment variables, locale information (see the perllocale manpage), results of certain system calls (readdir, readlink, the gecos field of getpw* calls), and all file input are marked as ``tainted''. Tainted data may not be used directly or indirectly in any command that invokes a sub-shell, nor in any command that modifies files, directories, or processes. (Important exception: If you pass a list of arguments to either system or exec, the elements of that list are NOT checked for taintedness.) Any variable set to a value derived from tainted data will itself be tainted, even if it is logically impossible for the tainted data to alter the variable. Because taintedness is associated with each scalar value, some elements of an array can be tainted and others not. For example:
$arg = shift; # $arg is tainted $hid = $arg, 'bar'; # $hid is also tainted $line = <>; # Tainted $line = <STDIN>; # Also tainted open FOO, "/home/me/bar" or die $!; $line = <FOO>; # Still tainted $path = $ENV{'PATH'}; # Tainted, but see below $data = 'abc'; # Not tainted
system "echo $arg"; # Insecure system "/bin/echo", $arg; # Secure (doesn't use sh) system "echo $hid"; # Insecure system "echo $data"; # Insecure until PATH set
$path = $ENV{'PATH'}; # $path now tainted
$ENV{'PATH'} = '/bin:/usr/bin'; delete @ENV{'IFS', 'CDPATH', 'ENV', 'BASH_ENV'};
$path = $ENV{'PATH'}; # $path now NOT tainted system "echo $data"; # Is secure now!
open(FOO, "< $arg"); # OK - read-only file open(FOO, "> $arg"); # Not OK - trying to write
open(FOO,"echo $arg|"); # Not OK, but... open(FOO,"-|") or exec 'echo', $arg; # OK
$shout = `echo $arg`; # Insecure, $shout now tainted
unlink $data, $arg; # Insecure umask $arg; # Insecure
exec "echo $arg"; # Insecure exec "echo", $arg; # Secure (doesn't use the shell) exec "sh", '-c', $arg; # Considered secure, alas!
@files = <*.c>; # Always insecure (uses csh) @files = glob('*.c'); # Always insecure (uses csh) If you try to do something insecure, you will get a fatal error saying something like ``Insecure dependency'' or ``Insecure $ENV{PATH}''. Note that you can still write an insecure system or exec, but only by explicitly doing something like the ``considered secure'' example above.
Laundering and Detecting Tainted DataTo test whether a variable contains tainted data, and whose use would thus trigger an ``Insecure dependency'' message, check your nearby CPAN mirror for the Taint.pm module, which should become available around November 1997. Or you may be able to use the following is_tainted() function.
sub is_tainted { return ! eval { join('',@_), kill 0; 1; }; } This function makes use of the fact that the presence of tainted data anywhere within an expression renders the entire expression tainted. It would be inefficient for every operator to test every argument for taintedness. Instead, the slightly more efficient and conservative approach is used that if any tainted value has been accessed within the same expression, the whole expression is considered tainted. But testing for taintedness gets you only so far. Sometimes you have just to clear your data's taintedness. The only way to bypass the tainting mechanism is by referencing subpatterns from a regular expression match. Perl presumes that if you reference a substring using $1, $2, etc., that you knew what you were doing when you wrote the pattern. That means using a bit of thought--don't just blindly untaint anything, or you defeat the entire mechanism. It's better to verify that the variable has only good characters (for certain values of ``good'') rather than checking whether it has any bad characters. That's because it's far too easy to miss bad characters that you never thought of. Here's a test to make sure that the data contains nothing but ``word'' characters (alphabetics, numerics, and underscores), a hyphen, an at sign, or a dot.
if ($data =~ /^([-\@\w.]+)$/) { $data = $1; # $data now untainted } else { die "Bad data in $data"; # log this somewhere }
This is fairly secure because
The example does not untaint
Switches On the "#!" Line
When you make a script executable, in order to make it usable as a command,
the system will pass switches to perl from the script's #! line. Perl
checks that any command line switches given to a setuid (or setgid) script
actually match the ones set on the #! line. Some Unix and Unix-like
environments impose a one-switch limit on the #! line, so you may need to
use something like
Cleaning Up Your Path
For ``Insecure The PATH isn't the only environment variable which can cause problems. Because some shells may use the variables IFS, CDPATH, ENV, and BASH_ENV, Perl checks that those are either empty or untainted when starting subprocesses. You may wish to add something like this to your setid and taint-checking scripts.
delete @ENV{qw(IFS CDPATH ENV BASH_ENV)}; # Make %ENV safer It's also possible to get into trouble with other operations that don't care whether they use tainted values. Make judicious use of the file tests in dealing with any user-supplied filenames. When possible, do opens and such after properly dropping any special user (or group!) privileges. Perl doesn't prevent you from opening tainted filenames for reading, so be careful what you print out. The tainting mechanism is intended to prevent stupid mistakes, not to remove the need for thought. Perl does not call the shell to expand wild cards when you pass system and exec explicit parameter lists instead of strings with possible shell wildcards in them. Unfortunately, the open, glob, and backtick functions provide no such alternate calling convention, so more subterfuge will be required. Perl provides a reasonably safe way to open a file or pipe from a setuid or setgid program: just create a child process with reduced privilege who does the dirty work for you. First, fork a child using the special open syntax that connects the parent and child by a pipe. Now the child resets its ID set and any other per-process attributes, like environment variables, umasks, current working directories, back to the originals or known safe values. Then the child process, which no longer has any special permissions, does the open or other system call. Finally, the child passes the data it managed to access back to the parent. Because the file or pipe was opened in the child while running under less privilege than the parent, it's not apt to be tricked into doing something it shouldn't. Here's a way to do backticks reasonably safely. Notice how the exec is not called with a string that the shell could expand. This is by far the best way to call something that might be subjected to shell escapes: just never call the shell at all.
use English; die "Can't fork: $!" unless defined $pid = open(KID, "-|"); if ($pid) { # parent while (<KID>) { # do something } close KID; } else { my @temp = ($EUID, $EGID); $EUID = $UID; $EGID = $GID; # initgroups() also called! # Make sure privs are really gone ($EUID, $EGID) = @temp; die "Can't drop privileges" unless $UID == $EUID && $GID eq $EGID; $ENV{PATH} = "/bin:/usr/bin"; exec 'myprog', 'arg1', 'arg2' or die "can't exec myprog: $!"; } A similar strategy would work for wildcard expansion via glob, although you can use readdir instead. Taint checking is most useful when although you trust yourself not to have written a program to give away the farm, you don't necessarily trust those who end up using it not to try to trick it into doing something bad. This is the kind of security checking that's useful for set-id programs and programs launched on someone else's behalf, like CGI programs. This is quite different, however, from not even trusting the writer of the code not to try to do something evil. That's the kind of trust needed when someone hands you a program you've never seen before and says, ``Here, run this.'' For that kind of safety, check out the Safe module, included standard in the Perl distribution. This module allows the programmer to set up special compartments in which all system operations are trapped and namespace access is carefully controlled.
Security BugsBeyond the obvious problems that stem from giving special privileges to systems as flexible as scripts, on many versions of Unix, set-id scripts are inherently insecure right from the start. The problem is a race condition in the kernel. Between the time the kernel opens the file to see which interpreter to run and when the (now-set-id) interpreter turns around and reopens the file to interpret it, the file in question may have changed, especially if you have symbolic links on your system. Fortunately, sometimes this kernel ``feature'' can be disabled. Unfortunately, there are two ways to disable it. The system can simply outlaw scripts with any set-id bit set, which doesn't help much. Alternately, it can simply ignore the set-id bits on scripts. If the latter is true, Perl can emulate the setuid and setgid mechanism when it notices the otherwise useless setuid/gid bits on Perl scripts. It does this via a special executable called suidperl that is automatically invoked for you if it's needed. However, if the kernel set-id script feature isn't disabled, Perl will complain loudly that your set-id script is insecure. You'll need to either disable the kernel set-id script feature, or put a C wrapper around the script. A C wrapper is just a compiled program that does nothing except call your Perl program. Compiled programs are not subject to the kernel bug that plagues set-id scripts. Here's a simple wrapper, written in C:
#define REAL_PATH "/path/to/script" main(ac, av) char **av; { execv(REAL_PATH, av); } Compile this wrapper into a binary executable and then make it rather than your script setuid or setgid. See the program wrapsuid in the eg directory of your Perl distribution for a convenient way to do this automatically for all your setuid Perl programs. It moves setuid scripts into files with the same name plus a leading dot, and then compiles a wrapper like the one above for each of them.
In recent years, vendors have begun to supply systems free of this inherent
security bug. On such systems, when the kernel passes the name of the
set-id script to open to the interpreter, rather than using a pathname
subject to meddling, it instead passes /dev/fd/3. This is a special file already opened on the script, so that there can be
no race condition for evil scripts to exploit. On these systems, Perl
should be compiled with Prior to release 5.003 of Perl, a bug in the code of suidperl could introduce a security hole in systems compiled with strict POSIX compliance.
Protecting Your ProgramsThere are a number of ways to hide the source to your Perl programs, with varying levels of ``security''. First of all, however, you can't take away read permission, because the source code has to be readable in order to be compiled and interpreted. (That doesn't mean that a CGI script's source is readable by people on the web, though.) So you have to leave the permissions at the socially friendly 0755 level. This lets people on your local system only see your source. Some people mistakenly regard this as a security problem. If your program does insecure things, and relies on people not knowing how to exploit those insecurities, it is not secure. It is often possible for someone to determine the insecure things and exploit them without viewing the source. Security through obscurity, the name for hiding your bugs instead of fixing them, is little security indeed. You can try using encryption via source filters (Filter::* from CPAN). But crackers might be able to decrypt it. You can try using the byte code compiler and interpreter described below, but crackers might be able to de-compile it. You can try using the native-code compiler described below, but crackers might be able to disassemble it. These pose varying degrees of difficulty to people wanting to get at your code, but none can definitively conceal it (this is true of every language, not just Perl). If you're concerned about people profiting from your code, then the bottom line is that nothing but a restrictive licence will give you legal security. License your software and pepper it with threatening statements like ``This is unpublished proprietary software of XYZ Corp. Your access to it does not give you permission to use it blah blah blah.'' You should see a lawyer to be sure your licence's wording will stand up in court.
SEE ALSOthe perlrun manpage for its description of cleaning up environment variables. Return to the Library |
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