open( TRANSLATIONS, $translations_file ) or die "Could not open '$translations_file': $!";
while( <TRANSLATIONS> ) {
  if( my ($word, $translation) = split /\|/ ) {
    push( @translations, {
                           match => qr/\b$word\b/i,
                           replacement => $translation,
                         } );
  }
}
close( TRANSLATIONS );

my $twig= new XML::Twig(
                         twig_handlers => { 'FOO' => \&foo },
                         pretty_print => 'indented',
                         output_filter => 'safe',
                       );
$twig->parsefile( $xml_file );
$twig->print;


##</code><code>##

sub foo {
  my ($t, $elt)= @_;
  # apply translations to the name, and text of all descendant nodes
  if( my $name = $elt->att('NAME') ) {
    $elt->set_att( 'NAME', apply_translations($name) );
  }
  my @descendants = $elt->descendants( 'BAR' );
  foreach my $descendant (@descendants) {
    if( my $text = $descendant->text ) {
      $descendant->set_text( apply_translations( $text ) );
    }
  }
}

sub apply_translations {
  my $text = shift;
  foreach (@translations) {
    $text =~ s/$_->{match}/$_->{replacement}/g;
  }
  return $text;
}


##</code><code>##

  <FOO="Duration">
    <BAR>Duration</BAR>
  </FOO>
  <FOO NAME="Airport">
    <BAR>Airport</BAR>
  </FOO>
      

##</code><code>##

  <FOO="Dur&#233;e">
    <BAR>Durée</BAR>
  </FOO>
  <FOO NAME="A&#233;roport">
    <BAR>A&#40111;port</BAR>
  </FOO>