Thanks for clarifying this for me and all --

rkg

The fact that you ask the question indicates that you are too inclined to use inheritance.

Null objects exist. They make perfect sense on their own. They are an appropriate thing to return when you want to fail to produce a useful object, but do it silently in a chained set of method calls. Just return a Null and let the caller deal with it.

Think of NULL in a database. It represents missing data. It can appear when you expected any other data type. There aren't (well, except in some vendor extensions) different kinds of NULLs. There don't have to be.

What are your alternatives? What could have been a simple chain of method calls followed by one if now has to turn into a nested set of if's as you test every method call for success to know if you can make the next. Or you have to wrap it in an eval and complicate your error handling needlessly. The Null is clean, simple, understandable, and that is all that is needed to justify Null's existence.

No. I would have null objects inherit from something like this (though I might not want the singleton). Because it automatically generates methods, you don't want those created for a real object. However, for a null object, it might be appropriate. For example, let's say that you have a customer and you want to get the sum total of all of his or her orders. Internally, the Customer class might have a method like this:

  sub total_all_orders {
    my $self  = shift;
    my $total = 0;
    $total   += $order->total foreach $self->orders;
    return $total;
  }
[download]

In this case, what if some of those orders are null objects (perhaps this is a design decision that was implemented for cancelled orders), then you could have your Null::Order object:

package Null::Order;
use base 'Null::Object';

sub total { 0 }

1;
[download]

In this case, the null order knows that its total value is zero (this example doesn't make as much sense for Perl because the false value will be converted to zero, but it's perfect for other languages).

Or you could have a null customer object get returned that has generic information for customers not in your mailing list database and automatically ignores the $customer->add_purchase; method rather than adding it to the database.

Cheers,
Ovid

New address of my CGI Course.

I might also add that null objects should be the exception rather than the rule, thus the performance impact should be minimal (I hope).

I haven't benchmarked overloading in a while, but as far as I remember, just using it caused quite a huge performance hit in the rest of the code. IIRC something like 30% slower, with 5.6.0. Things might have changed since then though.