Perl is used throughout NASA, and I know for a fact large portions of MODAPS, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Data Processing System were developed in Perl. This is one of the larger data processing systems at NASA, responsible for running hundreds of thousands of jobs per day, producing hundreds of Terrabytes of science data products from the MODIS instrument on NASA's Terra and Aqua satellites.

The actual programs making the data are mostly Fortran, but the framework that interacts with the database (DBI/DBD) and figures out what to run, and runs it is all Perl.