#!/usr/bin/perl -w

use strict;
use warnings;

use autodie; # I'm too lazy to write open ... or die stuff right here

# cache for file handles;
my %fh = ();
my %seen = ();

while (<DATA>) {
    next unless /^(\d{2})/;   # ignore lines starting with anything else than 2 digits
    next if $seen{$_}++;      # ignore if a line comes again  

    unless ($fh{$1}) {
        warn "'$1.txt' already exists" if -e "$1.txt";
        open my $FH, '>>', "$1.txt";
        $fh{$1} = $FH;  
    }
    
    print {$fh{$1}} $_; 
}

foreach my $FH (values %fh) {close $FH};

__DATA__
01 The quick red fox and dog as test.
02 Time flies like an arrow, fruit flies like a banana.
02 Time flies like an arrow, fruit flies like a banana.
03 Now is the time for all good men to come to the aid of their party.
01 The quick red fox jumped over the lazy brown dog.
01 The quick red fox jumped over the lazy brown dog.
02 Time flies like an arrow.
03 Now is the time for all good men to come to the aid of their party 
+and not going.
03 Now is the time for all.

##</code><code>##

 
...

use Digest::SHA1 qw/sha1/;

# cache for file handles;
my %fh = ();
my %seen = ();

while (<DATA>) {
    next unless /^(\d{2})/;   # ignore lines starting with anything else than 2 digits
    next if $seen{sha1($_)}++;      # ignore if a line comes again  
    ....
...