for my $family ( sort keys %HoH ) { print "$family: "; for my $role ( keys %{ $HoH{$family} } ) { print "$role=$HoH{$family}{$role} "; } print "\n"; print "$family: @{ $HoA{$family} }\n"; } #### Can't use an undefined value as an ARRAY reference #### print "$family: @{ $HoA{$family} }\n";