pack("$L", unpack("$L", $_)
sprintf("%08x", unpack("N",function($relay))); 
push(@rv, join('.', unpack("CCCC", function($i)))); 
unpack("u", $len . $1 ); 
unpack("w*", $v); 
unpack("V", $v) == 1
unpack("x$start_offset x4 $L$L$L$L$S$S$L$L", $file); 
unpack("x$d_off $S/a", $file); 
unpack("H*", shift);