sub r {
  print shift; # print the argument given
}

sub z {
  r(' ');      # same as print ' ';
}

sub p {        # this prints the letter with the index
               # given as the argument
  $_ = shift;  # set $_ to the argument
  $a = 'a';    # set $a to 'a'
  while ($_) { # as long as $_ isn't zero...
    ++$a;      # increase the letter (magic)
    --$_;      # decrease $_
  }
  r($a);
}