my $p = 17; for my $hash ( 0 .. 20 ) { my $i = 1 + $hash % ($p-1); my $j = $i; printf "%2u: %2u %s\n", $hash, $i, join ' ', map { sprintf "%2u", $j = ( $j + $i ) % $p } 0 .. 16; } __END__ hash 1st 0: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 0 1 1: 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 0 2 2: 3 6 9 12 15 1 4 7 10 13 16 2 5 8 11 14 0 3 3: 4 8 12 16 3 7 11 15 2 6 10 14 1 5 9 13 0 4 4: 5 10 15 3 8 13 1 6 11 16 4 9 14 2 7 12 0 5 5: 6 12 1 7 13 2 8 14 3 9 15 4 10 16 5 11 0 6 6: 7 14 4 11 1 8 15 5 12 2 9 16 6 13 3 10 0 7 7: 8 16 7 15 6 14 5 13 4 12 3 11 2 10 1 9 0 8 8: 9 1 10 2 11 3 12 4 13 5 14 6 15 7 16 8 0 9 9: 10 3 13 6 16 9 2 12 5 15 8 1 11 4 14 7 0 10 10: 11 5 16 10 4 15 9 3 14 8 2 13 7 1 12 6 0 11 11: 12 7 2 14 9 4 16 11 6 1 13 8 3 15 10 5 0 12 12: 13 9 5 1 14 10 6 2 15 11 7 3 16 12 8 4 0 13 13: 14 11 8 5 2 16 13 10 7 4 1 15 12 9 6 3 0 14 14: 15 13 11 9 7 5 3 1 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 15 15: 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 16 16: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 0 1 17: 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 0 2 18: 3 6 9 12 15 1 4 7 10 13 16 2 5 8 11 14 0 3 19: 4 8 12 16 3 7 11 15 2 6 10 14 1 5 9 13 0 4 20: 5 10 15 3 8 13 1 6 11 16 4 9 14 2 7 12 0 5