use Unicode::Normalize; use Data::Dump; dd NFD("\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE}"), NFD("e\N{COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT}"); dd NFC("\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE}"), NFC("e\N{COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT}"); dd NFKD("\N{LATIN SMALL LIGATURE FFI}"); __END__ ("e\x{301}", "e\x{301}") ("\xE9", "\xE9") "ffi"