Benchmark: timing 100 iterations of w/o study, with study, with study in loop...
 w/o study: 346 wallclock secs (306.95 usr +  8.69 sys = 315.64 CPU)
with study: 317 wallclock secs (301.91 usr +  8.53 sys = 310.44 CPU)
with study in loop: 369 wallclock secs (347.37 usr +  8.39 sys = 355.76 CPU)