use strict;
use Benchmark;

my @x = (0..100_000);

sub pass_by_value(@)      { my $x; foreach (@_) { $x += $_ } return $x }
sub pass_by_reference(\@) { my $x; foreach (@$_) { $x += $_ } return $x }

timethese(500, {
        'Pass by Ref' =>        sub { pass_by_reference(@x) },
        'Pass by Value' =>      sub { pass_by_value(@x) }
});

sub return_by_value(@)      { return @x };
sub return_by_reference(\@) { return \@x };

timethese(500, {
        'Return by Ref' =>      sub { return_by_reference(@x) },
        'Return by Value' =>    sub { return_by_value(@x) }
});