Subroutine calls and lookups of individual array elements arise often enough that it gets 
cumbersome to use method 2. As a form of syntactic sugar, the examples for method 2 may 
be written: 

    $arrayref->[0] = "January";   # Array element
    $hashref->{"KEY"} = "VALUE";  # Hash element
    $coderef->(1,2,3);            # Subroutine call

The left side of the arrow can be any expression returning a
reference, including a previous dereference.