use strict; 
:
:  Somewhere there is a loop feeding this 
:  and everything gets defined as appropriate. 
if ( $tally{$country}->{$error}->{$type} ) {
        $tally{$country}->{$error}->{$type}++;
} else {
      $tally{$country}->{$error}->{$type} = 1; 
}
:
: rest of loop
:
# print our tallies:
foreach my $ctry(keys %tally){
   foreach my $error(keys %{$tally{$ctry}} {
     foreach my $type (keys %{$tally{$ctry}->{$error}){
       printf "%s,%s,%s = %d\n",$ctry,$error,$type,
                  $tally{$ctry}->{$error}->{$type};
     }
   }
}