%patterns = (
	5 => {
		undef => {
			8 => ['p1'],
			4 => ['p2']
		}
	},
	undef => {
		4 => {
			1 => ['p3']
		},
		3 => {
			5 => ['p4']
		}
	}
);

##</code><code>##

my @row = the data, without the record_id!;
my @matching = (\%patterns);
while (@row and @matching) {
	my $value = shift(@row);
	my @next_matching;
	foreach my $branch (@matching) {
		if (exists $branch->{$value}) { # there is a matching pattern
			if (ref($branch->{$value}) eq 'HASH') { # the pattern requires some more values to match
				push @next_matching, $branch->{$value};
			} else { # the pattern matched completely
				push @found_patterns, @{$branch->{$value}};
			}
		}
		if (exists $branch->{undef()}) { # there is a patter that doesn't care about this value
			if (ref($branch->{undef()}) eq 'HASH') { # the pattern requires some more values to match
				push @next_matching, $branch->{undef()};
			} else { # the pattern matched completely
				push @found_patterns, @{$branch->{undef()}};
			}
		}
	}
	@matching = @next_matching;
}
# and now all the matching patterns are in @found_patterns
# the code is untested and only intended as an example