#!/usr/bin/perl
use strict;
use warnings;

use Benchmark qw(cmpthese timethese);

cmpthese timethese(-2, {
    a    => sub { arg('foobar');           },
    a_s  => sub { arg_shift('foobar');     },
    a_a1 => sub { arg_assign1('foobar');   },
    a_a2 => sub { arg_assign2('foobar');   },
    na   => sub { $_ = 'foobar'; noarg();  },
    na2  => sub { $_ = 'foobar'; noarg2(); },
});

sub arg         {                length $_[0] }
sub arg_shift   {                length shift }
sub arg_assign1 { $_    = shift; length       }
sub arg_assign2 { my $x = shift; length $x    }
sub noarg       {                length $_    }
sub noarg2      {                length       }

##</code><code>##

          Rate a_a1  na2   na a_a2  a_s    a
a_a1  538441/s   --  -9% -16% -29% -48% -52%
na2   590160/s  10%   --  -8% -22% -43% -47%
na    642280/s  19%   9%   -- -15% -38% -42%
a_a2  756598/s  41%  28%  18%   -- -26% -32%
a_s  1027820/s  91%  74%  60%  36%   --  -8%
a    1112124/s 107%  88%  73%  47%   8%   --