#!/usr/bin/perl
use strict;
use warnings;

use Benchmark qw(cmpthese timethese);

cmpthese timethese(-2, {
    a    => sub { arg('foobar');           },
    a_s  => sub { arg_shift('foobar');     },
    a_a1 => sub { arg_assign1('foobar');   },
    a_a2 => sub { arg_assign2('foobar');   },
    na   => sub { $_ = 'foobar'; noarg();  },
    na2  => sub { $_ = 'foobar'; noarg2(); },
});

sub arg         {                length $_[0] }
sub arg_shift   {                length shift }
sub arg_assign1 { $_    = shift; length       }
sub arg_assign2 { my $x = shift; length $x    }
sub noarg       {                length $_    }
sub noarg2      {                length       }