my @a = ( 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ); my @b = ( 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ); my %a_lookup; @a_lookup{@a} = (); my @b_only = grep { not exists $a_lookup{$_} } @b; print "@b_only\n"; #### use Quantum::Superpositions; my @a = ( 1 .. 6 ); my @b = ( 3 .. 8 ); print "$_\n" foreach eigenstates( any( @b ) != all( @a ) );