##
return unless $ct1 && $ct1 == $ct2 && $ct2 == $ct3;
####
my $sum = 0;
foreach my $i ( 0 .. $#$x ){
$sum += $x->[$i] * $y->[$i] * $z->[$i];
}
return $sum;
####
my $sum = 0;
$sum += $x->[$_] * $y->[$_] * $z->[$_] for 0 .. $#$x;
return $sum;