SV = RV(0x1840114) at 0x194968c <<<<<<<<<< This is the value I receive in the XS code.
  REFCNT = 1
  FLAGS = (TEMP,ROK)
  RV = 0x226004   <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< This is the value I see in the Perl code
  SV = PVCV(0x1824094) at 0x226004 
    REFCNT = 2
    FLAGS = ()
    IV = 0
    NV = 0
    COMP_STASH = 0x2251d0       "main"
    START = 0x19588d4 ===> 11609
    ROOT = 0x1958890
    XSUB = 0x0
    XSUBANY = 0
    GVGV::GV = 0x1959798        "main" :: "recorder"
    FILE = "P:\test\test.pl"
    DEPTH = 0
    FLAGS = 0x0
    OUTSIDE_SEQ = 951
    PADLIST = 0x226010
    PADNAME = 0x22601c(0x1826a5c) PAD = 0x22604c(0x182ebb4)
    OUTSIDE = 0x2253c8 (MAIN)

r:226004    <<<<<<<<< Printed from Perl
r:194968c   <<<<<<<<< Printed from XS

##</code><code>##

sv_2cv

Using various gambits, try to get a CV from an SV; in addition, try if possible to set *st and *gvp to the stash and GV associated with it. 

        CV*     sv_2cv(SV* sv, HV** st, GV** gvp, I32 lref)

##</code><code>##

#! perl -slw
use strict;
use Inline 'NoClean', 'FORCE', 'INFO' ;
use Inline Config => WARNINGS => 4;
use Inline 'C' => 'DATA', NAME =>'test';
use Devel::Peek;


sub recorder{ print "record: @_"; }
sub player{ print "player: @_"; }

print Dump \&recorder;

printf "r:%x p:%x\n", \&recorder, \&player;
setCallbacks( \&recorder, \&player );

#record( 'test' );
play( 'test' );

__DATA__
__C__

SV *g_rec = (SV*)NULL;
SV *g_play = (SV*)NULL;

int setCallbacks( SV *rec, SV *play ) {
    printf( "r:%x p:%x\n", rec, play );
    g_rec = newSVsv( rec ); // updated.
//    SvREFCNT_inc( g_rec );
    g_play = newSVsv( play ); // updated
//    SvREFCNT_inc( g_play );
    return 0;
}

int record( SV *m ) {
    call_sv( g_rec, G_VOID );
    return 0;
}

int play( SV *m ) {
    call_sv( g_play, G_VOID );
    return 0;
}