%hash = (
    America       => 'country',
    France        => 'country',
    'George Bush' => 'name',
);

##</code><code>##

%hash = (
    country   => [ 'USA', 'France', 'Austria', 'Israel'],
    name      => [ 'Georg Bush', 'Marie LePen', 'Jörg Haider', 'Ehud Olmert'], 
    ...
);

##</code><code>##

while (defined(my $line = <FH>)) {     # read one line into $line
  while(my($repl,$ary) = each %hash) { # iterate over %hash
    foreach my $token(@$ary) {         # @$ary: dereference the array in $ary
      $text =~ s/$token/<$repl>/g;     # substitute each token with hash key
    }
  }
  print $line;                         # done
}