my %unique_numbers = (); for (values %$result) { for my $number (keys %$_) { $unique_numbers{$number} = 1; } } my @numbers = sort {$a <=> $b} keys %unique_numbers; open my $out_fh, '>', $output_filename; print $out_fh "IDs @numbers\n"; for my $id (sort keys %$result) { my @fields = $id; for my $number (@numbers) { if (exists $result->{$id}{$number}) { push @fields, 1; } else { push @fields, 0; } } my $string = join " ", @fields; print $out_fh "$string\n"; }