use English qw( -no_match_vars );
...
my $bates_number_pattern = qr{ ... }x;
...
sub parse_bates_number {
    my $bates_number = shift;

    $bates_number =~ $bates_number_pattern
        or die "Invalid Bates number: $bates_number\n";

    return map  { substr $bates_number,
                         $LAST_MATCH_START[$_],
                         $LAST_MATCH_END[$_] - $LAST_MATCH_START[$_] }
           grep { defined $LAST_MATCH_START[$_] }
                ( 1 .. $#LAST_MATCH_START );
}
...
    my ($prefix, $number) = parse_bates_number($bates_number);

##</code><code>##

    no strict 'refs';

    return map  { $$_ }
           grep { defined $LAST_MATCH_START[$_] }
                ( 1 ..  $#LAST_MATCH_START );

##</code><code>##

#!/usr/bin/perl
#
# parse_bates_numbers_v2.pl

use strict;
use warnings;
use English qw( -no_match_vars );

BEGIN {
    my $bates_number_pattern = qr{
        ^
            #   ( Prefix                )    ( Number  )
            (?:
                ( XYZ\s\d{2,3}(?:\sST)? ) \s ( \d{8}   )
            |
                ( XYZ\s[UV]\s\d{1,3}    ) \s ( \d{8}   )
            |
                ( XYZ\s\d{3}            )    ( \d{8}   )
            |
                ( XYZ                   ) \s ( \d{7,8} )
            |
                ( ABC-M-                )    ( \d{7}   )
            |
                ( ABCD-                 )    ( \d{8}   )
            |
                (                       )    ( \d{11}  )
            )
        $
    }x;

    '12345678901' =~ $bates_number_pattern
        or die "Invalid Bates number pattern:\n$bates_number_pattern\n";
    
    $#LAST_MATCH_END % 2 == 0
        or die "Invalid number of parentheses in pattern: $#LAST_MATCH_END\n";

    sub parse_bates_number {
        my $bates_number = shift;

        $bates_number =~ $bates_number_pattern
            or die "Invalid Bates number: $bates_number\n";

        no strict 'refs';

        return map  { $$_ }
               grep { defined $LAST_MATCH_START[$_] }
                    ( 1 ..  $#LAST_MATCH_START );
    }
}

while (my $bates_number = <DATA>) {
    chomp $bates_number;

    my ($prefix, $number) = parse_bates_number($bates_number);

    printf "%-20s %-10s %12.0f\n", $bates_number, $prefix, $number;
}

exit 0;

__END__
XYZ 123 00000123
XYZ 123 00000456
XYZ 123 00654321
XYZ 12 ST 00123456
XYZ 123 ST 00654321
XYZ U 123 00123456
XYZ U 12 00654321
XYZ V 1 00123456
XYZ 12300654321
XYZ 00123456
XYZ 0654321
ABC-M-0123456
ABCD-00654321
00000123456
99999999999
BOGUS99

##</code><code>##

XYZ 123 00000123     XYZ 123             123
XYZ 123 00000456     XYZ 123             456
XYZ 123 00654321     XYZ 123          654321
XYZ 12 ST 00123456   XYZ 12 ST        123456
XYZ 123 ST 00654321  XYZ 123 ST       654321
XYZ U 123 00123456   XYZ U 123        123456
XYZ U 12 00654321    XYZ U 12         654321
XYZ V 1 00123456     XYZ V 1          123456
XYZ 12300654321      XYZ 123          654321
XYZ 00123456         XYZ              123456
XYZ 0654321          XYZ              654321
ABC-M-0123456        ABC-M-           123456
ABCD-00654321        ABCD-            654321
00000123456                           123456
99999999999                      99999999999
Invalid Bates number: BOGUS99