my %chart = (
  name => 'vote',
  data => get_vote_data(), # assumed to return a scalar
  colors => join ',', 'red', 'green', 'blue',
  shape => 'bar',
);

print $chart{name}, "\n";   # 'vote'
print $chart{colors}, "\n"; # oops: 'red,green,blue,shape,cubic'

##</code><code>##

if ($true) {
  $var = $value;
  next;
}

##</code><code>##

while (1) {
  warn 1, 2, 3, last if 1;
}

##</code><code>##

$ perl -MO=Deparse,-p -e 'while (1) { warn 1, 2, 3, last if 1 }'
while (1) {
  warn(1, 2, 3, last);
}
-e syntax OK

##</code><code>##

my %chart = (
  name => 'vote',
  data => get_vote_data(), # assumed to return a scalar
  colors => join(',', 'red', 'green', 'blue'),
  shape => 'bar',
);

print $chart{name}, "\n";   # 'vote'
print $chart{colors}, "\n"; # 'red,green,blue'

##</code><code>##

while (1) {
  warn(1, 2, 3), last if 1;
}

##</code><code>##

while (1) {
  if (1) {
    warn 1, 2, 3;
    last;
  }
}

##</code><code>##

$ perl -e 'print chr $ARGV[0], $ARGV[1]' 66 67
B67

##</code><code>##

$ perl -MO=Deparse,-p -e 'print chr $ARGV[0], $ARGV[1]' 66 67
print(chr($ARGV[0]), $ARGV[1]);
-e syntax OK

##</code><code>##

$ perl -e 'print time, "TZ"'
1191177816TZ

##</code><code>##

my $line = 'book|perl|programming';
my @fields = split /\|/, $line;

##</code><code>##

my $line = 'book|perl|programming';
my @fields = split /\|/, $line, 2;

##</code><code>##

my $line = 'Practical extraction and report language';
my $part = substr $line, 10;

##</code><code>##

my $line = 'Practical extraction and report language';
my $what = substr $line, 10, 21; # extraction and report

##</code><code>##

sub upstream {
  my(@source, @destination) = @_;
  my $src_place = $source[0]; # 'here'
  my $dest_place = $destination[0]; # undefined
}

my @src = qw(here sender OK);
my @dest = qw(there recipient UNKNOWN);
upstream(@src, @dest);

##</code><code>##

sub upstream {
  my($source, $destination) = @_;
  my $src_place = $source->[0]; # 'here'
  my $dest_place = $destination->[0]; # 'there'
}

my @src = qw(here sender OK);
my @dest = qw(there recipient UNKNOWN);
upstream(\@src, \@dest);

##</code><code>##

sub get_group {
  my $user_id = shift;
  my @special_groups = get_special_group($user_id); # ex: 'cdrom', 'games'
  my @normal_groups = get_normal_group($user_id); # ex: 'westteam', 'marketing', 'committee'

  return @special_groups, @normal_groups;
}

my(@specail, @normal) = get_group(1002);
print $special[-1]; # 'games'
print $normal[0]; # undefined

##</code><code>##

sub get_group {
  my $user_id = shift;
  my @special_groups = get_special_group($user_id); # ex: 'cdrom', 'games'
  my @normal_groups = get_normal_group($user_id); # ex: 'westteam', 'marketing', 'committee'

  return \@special_groups, \@normal_groups;
}

my($specail, $normal) = get_group(1002);
print $special->[-1]; # 'games'
print $normal->[-1]; # 'committee'

##</code><code>##

# syntax: <c>keys HASH</c>
my $rgb = { red => 0x00f, green => 0xf00, blue => 0x0f0 }; # from perldata
my @keys = keys $rgb; # fatal: Type of arg 1 to keys must be hash
my @keys = keys %$rgb; # correct
my @keys = keys %ENV; # correct

# syntax: <c>push ARRAY,LIST</c>
# first example
my @names = original_member();
my @new_members = get_new_members('20071001');
push @names, @new_members;

# second example
my $another_members = [qw(ray tom dave)];
push $another_members, @names; # fatal: Type of arg 1 to push must be array
push @$another_members, @names; # correct

##</code><code>##

sub mypush {
  my(@target_array, @new_elements) = @_;
  ...
}