>>>>> "s" == shmem writes: s> You forgot an obscure corner of hashes: hashes in scalar context. s> Here's a a use - calculate the next power of 2 of a given number: s> sub next_power_of_two { s> my %s; s> @s{1..shift} = (); s> %s =~ '/'; s> return $'; s> } s> ;-) GACK!!! and that assume knowledge of the internals of hashes. not a good thing to teach! :) uri