use warnings;
use strict;

print "program running \n";

# these compile and run WITHOUT any warnings
na_anon  ({ one => 'uno',          two => 'dos',  =>  });
na_anon  ({ one => 'uno',          two => 'dos',  ,   });
na_anon  ({ one => 'uno',  =>      two => 'dos'       });
na_anon  ({ one => 'uno',  ,       two => 'dos'       });
na_anon  ({ one => 'uno',  =>  =>  two => 'dos'       });
na_anon  ({ one => 'uno',  ,   ,   two => 'dos'       });
na_assign(  one => 'ein',          two => 'zwei',  =>  );
na_assign(  one => 'ein',          two => 'zwei',  ,   );
na_assign(  one => 'ein',  =>      two => 'zwei'       );
na_assign(  one => 'ein',  ,       two => 'zwei'       );
na_assign(  one => 'ein',  =>  =>  two => 'zwei'       );
na_assign(  one => 'ein',  ,   ,   two => 'zwei'       );

# these compile and run WITH run-time warnings
na_anon  ({ one => 'uno',  two => 'dos',   three =>        });
na_anon  ({ one => 'uno',  two => 'dos',   three => 20..21 });
na_assign(  one => 'ein',  two => 'zwei',  three =>         );
na_assign(  one => 'ein',  two => 'zwei',  three => 20..21  );

print "program done \n";

sub na_anon {
    my %args = %{ $_[0] };
    my $n = 'one';
    print "anon hash: $n translates to $args{$n} \n";
    }

sub na_assign {
    my %args = @_;
    my $n = 'two';
    print "hash assign: $n translates to $args{$n} \n";
    }

##</code><code>##

>perl np_ah_vs_ha_1.pl
program running
anon hash: one translates to uno
anon hash: one translates to uno
anon hash: one translates to uno
anon hash: one translates to uno
anon hash: one translates to uno
anon hash: one translates to uno
hash assign: two translates to zwei
hash assign: two translates to zwei
hash assign: two translates to zwei
hash assign: two translates to zwei
hash assign: two translates to zwei
hash assign: two translates to zwei
Odd number of elements in anonymous hash at np_ah_vs_ha_1.pl line 71.
anon hash: one translates to uno
Odd number of elements in anonymous hash at np_ah_vs_ha_1.pl line 72.
anon hash: one translates to uno
Odd number of elements in hash assignment at np_ah_vs_ha_1.pl line 85.
hash assign: two translates to zwei
Odd number of elements in hash assignment at np_ah_vs_ha_1.pl line 85.
hash assign: two translates to zwei
program done