#!/usr/bin/perl

use strict;
use warnings;
use FindBin qw( $Bin );
use File::Spec::Functions qw( catfile );

my $file = catfile( $Bin, 'bytes_pragma.data' );

my $string_1 = "\x{C9}";   # LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH ACUTE; 2 bytes in UTF-8
my $string_2 = "\x{20AC}"; # EURO SIGN; 3 bytes in UTF-8

{
    my $string = $string_1;
    print '[1] is_utf8() returns: ' . ( utf8::is_utf8( $string ) ? 'true' : 'false' ) . "\n";
    print '[1] length() returns:  ' . length( $string ) . " (no bytes)\n";
    print '[1] length() returns:  ' . do { use bytes; length( $string ) } . " (use bytes)\n";
    open FH, "> $file" or die;
    print FH $string;
    close FH;
    print '[1] actual size is:    ' . ( -s $file ) . "\n";
}

{
    my $string = $string_1;
    utf8::encode( $string );
    print '[2] is_utf8() returns: ' . ( utf8::is_utf8( $string ) ? 'true' : 'false' ) . "\n";
    print '[2] length() returns:  ' . length( $string ) . " (no bytes)\n";
    print '[2] length() returns:  ' . do { use bytes; length( $string ) } . " (use bytes)\n";
    open FH, "> $file" or die;
    print FH $string;
    close FH;
    print '[2] actual size is:    ' . ( -s $file ) . "\n";
}

{
    my $string = $string_2;
    print '[3] is_utf8() returns: ' . ( utf8::is_utf8( $string ) ? 'true' : 'false' ) . "\n";
    print '[3] length() returns:  ' . length( $string ) . " (no bytes)\n";
    print '[3] length() returns:  ' . do { use bytes; length( $string ) } . " (use bytes)\n";
    open FH, "> $file" or die;
    print FH $string;
    close FH;
    print '[3] actual size is:    ' . ( -s $file ) . "\n";
}

{
    my $string = $string_2;
    utf8::encode( $string );
    print '[4] is_utf8() returns: ' . ( utf8::is_utf8( $string ) ? 'true' : 'false' ) . "\n";
    print '[4] length() returns:  ' . length( $string ) . " (no bytes)\n";
    print '[4] length() returns:  ' . do { use bytes; length( $string ) } . " (use bytes)\n";
    open FH, "> $file" or die;
    print FH $string;
    close FH;
    print '[4] actual size is:    ' . ( -s $file ) . "\n";
}

{

    my $string = $string_1;
    utf8::upgrade( $string );
    print '[5] is_utf8() returns: ' . ( utf8::is_utf8( $string ) ? 'true' : 'false' ) . "\n";
    print '[5] length() returns:  ' . length( $string ) . " (no bytes)\n";
    print '[5] length() returns:  ' . do { use bytes; length( $string ) } . " (use bytes)\n";
    open FH, "> $file" or die;
    print FH $string;
    close FH;
    print '[5] actual size is:    ' . ( -s $file ) . "\n";
}

# but ...
{
    use bytes;
    my $string = $string_1;
    utf8::upgrade( $string );
    print '[6] is_utf8() returns: ' . ( utf8::is_utf8( $string ) ? 'true' : 'false' ) . "\n";
    print '[6] length() returns:  ' . length( $string ) . " (use bytes)\n";
    open FH, "> $file" or die;
    print FH $string;
    close FH;
    print '[6] actual size is:    ' . ( -s $file ) . "\n";
}