my $ref;
{
   my @array = 'element';
   $ref = \@array;
}              # Because the array is lexically scoped (my),
               # the array would normally be freed here*,
               # but the reference is keeping it alive.

print "$ref->[0]\n";  # Prints 'element'

$ref = undef;  # The scalar stops referencing the array,
               # so it's freed here.

##</code><code>##

my @outer;
for (1..2) {
   my @inner = "pass $_";
   push @outer, \@inner;
}

print "@{ $outer[0] }\n";  # pass 1
print "@{ $outer[1] }\n";  # pass 2

##</code><code>##

for (1..10) {
    my $r1;
    my $r2 = \$r1;
    my $r3 = \$r2;
       $r1 = \$r3;
}

# You have just leaked 30 variables.