my %keys = (A => "b"); - --- 1 2 List has two items #### my %keys = A => "b"; ------------ --- 1 2 List still there without parens #### foreach ($x) { } @a = @b; f $x; ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ list list list list value value value value $i, $j; @a = ($i, $j); ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^^^ list list list value literal value (from list literal)