use strict;
use warnings;
use Benchmark qw(:all);
use constant COUNT => 200000;

my($str, $tmp, $len);

sub in1 ($) {
    $tmp = length($_[0]);
}

sub in2 ($) {
    $tmp = length(${$_[0]});
}

sub out1 () {
    return($str);
}

sub out2 () {
    return(\$str);
}

sub fun1 ($) {
    my $new = $_[0] . "x";
    return($new);
}

sub fun2 ($) {
    my $new = ${ $_[0] } . "x";
    return(\$new);
}

foreach $len (1, 10, 100) {
    $str = "A" x ($len * 1000);
    timethese(10, {
	"in1x$len"  => sub { for (1 .. COUNT) { in1($str) } },
	"in2x$len"  => sub { for (1 .. COUNT) { in2(\$str) } },
	"out1x$len" => sub { for (1 .. COUNT) { $tmp = out1() } },
	"out2x$len" => sub { for (1 .. COUNT) { $tmp = out2() } },
	"fun1x$len" => sub { for (1 .. COUNT) { $tmp = fun1($str) } },
	"fun2x$len" => sub { for (1 .. COUNT) { $tmp = fun2(\$str) } },
    });
}