foreach my $k (keys %h){ } #### else { if( $M2 eq 'pairs' ) { for my $k ( keys %hash ) { my $v = $hash{ $k }; ++$count; } } #### if( $M1 eq 'each' ) { if( $M2 eq 'pairs' ) { while( my( $k, $v ) = each %hash ) { ++$count; } } #### else { while( my $k = each %hash ) { ++$count; } } #### else { for my $k ( keys %hash ) { ++$count; } }