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if (/^[\$]\w/) {
    print "\nThat is a scalar data type\n";
...
} else {
    print "\nData type not found\n";
}

print "Enter a string and I will determine the data type: ";
chomp(local $_ = <STDIN>);
...
my $sigil = substr $_, 0, 1;
my $type = $sigil2type{$sigil} || 'unknown';
say "\nThat is a $type data type.";