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use strict; 
use warnings; 
...
sub a_copy { my (@a) = @_; return @a; } 
sub a_ref_1 { my ($a) = @_; return $a; } 
sub a_ref_2 { return $_[0]; }

 
             Rate a copy a ref 1 a ref 3 a ref 2 a ref 4 
a copy   171189/s    --    -97%    -97%    -97%    -98% 
...
a ref 3 5946679/s  3374%    17%     --      -7%    -23% 
a ref 2 6408282/s  3643%    26%      8%     --     -17% 
a ref 4 7753141/s  4429%    53%     30%     21%     --