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$a // $b

defined $a ? $a : $b

$c //= $d;

$c = $d unless defined $c;

  my $ref = \%database;
  $ref = $ref->{$_} //= {} for @$fields;

    my $ref = \%database;
    foreach my $field (@$fields) {
...
        }
        $ref = $ref->{$field};
    }