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    *_000_0000_0000_****_****_****_****_****_****_****_****_****_****_
+****_****_**** 
    => 2^53 = 9,007,199,254,740,992
...
    => #denormals = 9,007,199,254,740,990
        => #positive = 4,503,599,627,370,495
        => #negative = 4,503,599,627,370,495

    *_000_0000_0000_****_****_****_****_****_****_****_****_****_****_
+****_****_**** 
    => 2^53 = 9,007,199,254,740,992
...
    => #NaNs= 9,007,199,254,740,990
        => #signalling = 4,503,599,627,370,495
        => #quiet      = 4,503,599,627,370,495

    18,446,744,073,709,551,616 = #64bit values
  -     18,014,398,509,481,984 = #zeroes + #infinities + #denormal + #
+NaN
  = 18,428,729,675,200,069,632 = #normalized numbers

cmd.exe> perl -MMath::BigInt -E "$b = Math::BigInt->new(2); my $x = ($
+b**$ARGV[0]); $x =~ s/(\d{1,3}?)(?=(\d{3})+$)/$1,/g ; say $x" 52
4,503,599,627,370,496
...
18,446,744,073,709,551,616
18,014,398,509,481,984
18,428,729,675,200,069,632