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#!/usr/bin/perl

...
    $average = $total / $scores;
    print "$student: $grades{$student}\tAverage: $average\n";
}

#!/usr/bin/perl

...
    $average = $total / $scores;
    print "$student: $grades{$student}\tAverage: $average\n";
}

Benchmark: timing 100000 iterations of from_book, from_book2...
 from_book: 60 wallclock secs (41.60 usr +  4.34 sys = 45.94 CPU) @ 21
+76.75/s (n=100000)
...
             Rate  from_book from_book2
from_book  2177/s         --        -7%
from_book2 2331/s         7%         --

Benchmark: timing 1000 iterations of from_book, from_book2...
 from_book: 278 wallclock secs (211.20 usr +  0.68 sys = 211.88 CPU) @
+  4.72/s (n=1000)
...
             Rate  from_book from_book2
from_book  4.72/s         --        -5%
from_book2 4.98/s         5%         --