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while( @data ) {
    /^HEADING/ ... !/^HEADING/ and push @headings, $_;
    /^TITLE/   ... !/^TITLE/   and push @titles,   $_;
    /^COMPND/  ... !/^COMPND/  and push @cmpnds,   $_;
}

$re_types = qr/(HEADING|TITLE|COMPND)/;
while (@data) {
    /^$re_types(.*)$/ ... !/^$1/ and push @{$type{$1}}, $2;
}

#! perl -slw
use strict;
...
TITLE   2 more title 6 stuff
COMPND  complicated stuff 6
COMPND  2 continued complicated stuff 6

C:\test>221570
 Header 1 stuff
...
complicated stuff 1 2 continued complicated stuff 1 complicated stuff 
+2 2 continued complicated stuff 2 complicated stuff 3 2 continued com
+plicated stuff 3 3 continued complicated stuff 3 
complicated stuff 4 2 continued complicated stuff 4 complicated stuff 
+5 2 continued complicated stuff 5 complicated stuff 6 2 continued com
+plicated stuff 6
C:\test>