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$sth = $dbh->prepare ("INSERT INTO testimonial VALUES(?,?,?,?,?)") 
   or die "prepare: $stmt: $DBI::errstr";
$sth->execute ('',$name, $email, $testimonial,'') 
   or die "execute: $stmt: $DBI::errstr";

my %sql_data = (
   id          => "",
...
   
$sth = $dbh->prepare($sql) or die "prepare: $stmt: $DBI::errstr";
$sth->execute(values %sql_data) or die "execute: $stmt: $DBI::errstr";

$sth = $dbh->prepare ("UPDATE testimonial SET 
   name     = ?,
...
        
$sth->execute ($name, $email, $testimonial, $approved) 
   or die "execute: $stmt: $DBI::errstr";

use Validate;
my (@errors);
...
   push @errors, "Empty or invalid characters in Name\n" unless $name;

if (@errors) { ...do something... }

package Validate;
sub alphanum {
...
   return "$1";
}
1;