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$_[0] & 0xff # A bitmask to gets the last (8 bit) byte from the intege
+r.  
             # It has exactly the same result as $_[0] % 256

>> 5         # bitshift the result of the above so all but
             # the 3 MSB drop off the end.

perl -le'print join "\t", $_, (unpack "B*", pack "I*", $_),($_ & 0xFF)
+ >> 5 for (0..256)'

0       00000000000000000000000000000000        0
1       00000000000000000000000000000001        0
...
.
255     00000000000000000000000011111111        7
256     00000000000000000000000100000000        0