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use strict;

...

my $number_of_entities = keys %hoh;      # BONK!

my @big_in_assoc_1 = grep keys %{$assocs_1{$_}} > 25, keys %assocs_2;

# ... tics later

my @relative_complement = grep !exists %assocs_1{$_}, keys %assocs_2; 
+ # OUCH!

my $number_of_entities = grep defined $hoh{$_}, keys %hoh;

my @big_in_assoc_1 =
  grep $assocs_1{$_} && keys %{$assocs_1{$_}} > 25,
  keys %assocs_2;