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  1. or download this
    {
       my %h;
    ...
    exists:  empty
    defined: empty
    true:    empty
    
  2. or download this
    # If $h{$i} and $a[$i] are not defined,
    
    ...
    $h{$i}[$j]  # Creates an array and stores a ref to it in $h{$i}.
    $a[$i]{$j}  # Creates a  hash  and stores a ref to it in $a[$i].
    $a[$i][$j]  # Creates an array and stores a ref to it in $a[$i].