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# prints 'j'
"japhy" =~ m{ (.) (?{ print $1 }) }x;
...
# prints nothing (undef, specifically)
$rx = qr{ (.) (??{ print $1 }) }x;
"japhy" =~ m{ (??{ $rx }) }x;

use Data::Dumper;
$Data::Dumper::Indent = 1;
...
  my $alt = pop @r;
  [ @r, { ALT => [ @{ $alt->{ALT} }, $w->{WORD} ] } ];
}