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use strict;
use warnings;
...
$str2 =~ s/([\0\1\2])/('\t', '\s', "\\n\n")[ord($1)]/ge;
print $str."\n";
print $str2;

    this is a sample string
with various white space characters

\tthis\sis\sa\ssample\sstring\n
with\svarious\swhite\sspace\scharacters\n