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Codepoint U+00A4 --> hex 0xA4 --> binary 10100100 ... 110 00010 10 100100 So U+00A4 in UTF-8 becomes 1100010 10100100 or 0xc2 0xa4.
sprintf("%c%c", ... # with the lower 6 bits of the character (obtained by # AND'ing with 0x3f, 00011111) (0x80 | ($o & 0x3f))