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              Rate goto_recur  recursive tail_recur    looping
goto_recur  3437/s         --       -59%       -60%       -90%
recursive   8472/s       147%         --        -1%       -76%
tail_recur  8569/s       149%         1%         --       -76%
looping    35417/s       931%       318%       313%         --

sub _goto_recur {
   my ($x, $y) = @_;

...
   my ($x) = @_;
   return _goto_recur($x, 1);
}

sub _goto_recur {
   if ($_[0] <= 1) {
      return $_[1];
...
   # since we want to change that (alias!)
   return _goto_recur($x, $y);
}

              Rate  recursive tail_recur goto_recur    looping
recursive   8456/s         --        -1%        -9%       -77%
tail_recur  8519/s         1%         --        -8%       -76%
goto_recur  9278/s        10%         9%         --       -74%
looping    36011/s       326%       323%       288%         --