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        for my $i (0 .. $radius ** 2) { # See "1" below
            # Rounded values, see "2" below
            my $x_val = int($radius * cos($i) + $center_x + 0.5);
...
                $curpass{$x_val}{$y_val}++;
            }
        }

#!/usr/bin/perl

use strict;
...
    foreach (@_) {$max = $_ if $_ > $max}
    return $max;
}