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$string = "bla bla bla [[en:English]][[de:German]][[ga:Irish]] bla bla
+ bla";

qw(en de ga);

@matches = ( $string = m/\[\[(en|de|ga):.+?]\]/g );

@matches = ( $string = m/\[\[(en|de|ga):(.+?)]\]/g );

my $string = 'bla bla [[en:English]][[de:German]][[ga:Irish]] bla bla'
+;

...
    say 'minus  : ', Dumper(\%-);
    say 'plus   : ', Dumper(\%+);
}

matches
matches: $VAR1 = [
...
plus   : $VAR1 = {
          'lang' => 'ga'
        };

$VAR1 = {
          'lang' => [
...
                      'ga'
                    ]
        };