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  if (!Encode::is_utf8($str) && $str =~ m/\x80-\xff/) {
    $str = Encode::encode_utf8($str); # Get utf8 byte seq
    Encode::_utf8_on($str);           # and flip the flag
  }
  $r->print($str);

  utf8::upgrade($str);
  $r->print($str);

  utf8::encode($str);
  $r->print($str);