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use List::Util qw[ max ];

...
    return join ',', map join( '', map $characters[ $_ / 64 ] . $chara
+cters[ $_ % 64 ], map $_ / $max * 4095, split /,/ ), split /\|/, $_[ 
+0 ];
    }

sub encoding {
    my ( $string ) = @_;
...
    return $string;
    }